stem education

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Why STEM majors switch to English & How I would make all PhD Students take Pedagogy 101

Sunday, May 22nd, 2011

I found this report from CNN illuminating. Here are some key points to consider about STEM teaching and learning as it now stands here in the US:

from ww.cnn.com/2011/US/05/17/education.stem.graduation/index.html?hpt=C1

 

  • STEM professors foster competition rather than collaboration. Rather than trying to keep students in their classes, they push toward having the ones that can’t cut it, drop out
  • Students enter unprepared by high school classes and their college classes are sink or swim, so they sink
  • STEM professors are rewarded on their research rather than teaching abilities, so, their teaching is often sub par
  • There is a divide in the American psyche that science is not for everyone (see my earlier post about reaching across the aisle to STEM… and that in many other countries this is just not the case. Even artists take and are expected to do well in math.)
  • Schools admit more science students than they expect to graduate and do not teach students to support each other
  • Little mentorship is available in STEM

I will dwell a moment on the teaching bit. When I worked in Hollywood, I got a chance to see directors do their work. I was flabbergasted by how complex, demanding, crazy-making, and expensive directing is. When you watch a film or TV show and you think it is bad, the first words out are “I could do that or I could do better.” Being up close in Hollywood, I know that is just not the case. Just because you witness it does not mean you can do it. Not unlike teaching. Everyone has been to school, so, everyone thinks they know how to teach. Academics have spent most if not all of their lives in some kind of school…teaching is just something you absorb, right? Or, it’s a gift that you naturally have from getting your PhD. Or, the fact that you got a PhD makes you so brilliant and your students should just be lucky to be in the room with you, that you don’t really have to do any hard thinking about pedagogy or put much thought into the how of what you you are teaching, just the what.

I taught someone something for 13 years. I have taught everyone from K – graduate school. My master’s in pedagogy from the New School was KEY to why I did not suck and suck bad as a teacher. My many years of professional development in trainings required on-the-job and in subsequent graduate programs, including reflection on my practice, were the reasons I didn’t just “not suck” but actually was effective. My point is being a good teacher, whether K or of doctoral students is not just magic. I won every single minute of being an effective educational practitioner through knowing learning theory in and out, reading a lot of the best practice and research, working to make that practice and research work in my classrooms, and slugging away at hours upon hours of differentiating the learning and the material. Why then would anyone think they’d be naturally adept at something that everyone else needs training in? No one is that brilliant or attuned naturally. And as much mud is slung at K – 12 teachers in our society, no, people in the academy are not that much more brilliant. K – 12 teachers are not trained in teaching methodologies because they are too stupid to know better. Last but not least, even if there is such a thing as a “natural teacher,” which I have yet to encounter, for what it was worth, a couple times a year administrators sat in on my classes and then gave me feedback on what they saw, what was working and what could improve. I also had constant feedback from students because either they were getting to the goals or they weren’t. My job was then not to complain about the “weren’ts.” My job was to get them there, too, from wherever they are. So if what I was doing wasn’t working, I went searching to try something else.

What I do know, and what I have learned, is that good teaching, whether K or graduate school, is not as different in process as you think. Research shows deep subject experience matters…. but also deep experience and reflection on teaching and learning. Also, knowing where you want to go and how to get there….. Teachers are masters at thinking backwards from a goal. A good teacher does not state a goal and begin to plan from step A to B how to get there.  A good teacher states a goal, and works backwards from the last step before the goal back to the first step.

In life I have often encountered people who want something big, but have no idea or no commitment to all the little steps it takes to get that something big. Maybe even the start is strong, but then everything peters out. The advantage at working back from the end is that each step along the way is considered. The end steps are already envisioned and activated, so that the finish can be as strong as the start. It is not enough as a teacher to be a cheerleader at the beginning or be the one to yell, “Get ready, get set, go!”  The real mark of an effective teacher is the management of all the little tasks and the guidance of the process, not just pointing students in the direction of a product and saying, “Now go do that. You figure it out.”  Does that mean babying students? Absolutely not. It means also guiding and monitoring when students are ready to achieve on their own and being able to recognize that readiness. It is also starting with them and their knowledge where they are (and assessing that before moving forward) rather than where with where you are.

I have this mean and evil plan that if one day I am a university professor and I get to advise graduate students, each and every one will have to take at least one pedagogy class with those education major dummies they complain about encountering in some of their subject matter classes. I think I will make my doctoral students take elementary school pedagogy, where how we learn as children is really broken down, and where each teacher has to devise clear learning objectives for each task. Working backwards from my end goal, the objective here would be for my students to become humble about what it means to teach, to have reverence for being able to do so and for those people who commit to it and it only as a profession, and to get a wake up call that their subject matter brilliance isn’t enough. Being a good teacher is also something that is earned… something worked for. I would want my doctoral students to become aware of themselves as educators and also aware of the responsibilities of teaching. Last but not least, elementary school pedagogy is often kick ass with experiential learning, differentiated learning, individualized learning, and meeting students where they are. Sounds like the CNN article above is saying that STEM in higher education could use a healthy dose of that.

 

Chin up, Humanities, and reach across the aisle to STEM!

Thursday, May 5th, 2011

Every now and again I am sure that just about anyone runs into a line of thought that leaves that person flabbergasted. Though I have spent considerable time engaged in thoughts about the Heart of Darkness in us all, the nature of evil, what each of us is capable of in extreme circumstances, etc., I had, until recently, been reasonably protected from hostility about the humanities. What do I mean by “hostility”? I mean, people questioning the validity of a PhD in English, or why have an English Department at a university at all, or denigrating the idea of anyone needing to be a specialist in Proust.

Maybe until recently I have been horribly, terribly naive, which would not be the first time. But here are some things I think I do know.

Beyond all the push for 21st century communications skills touted as a precondition for hiring by big corps, etc., in the modern age, or maybe, in any age, without strong communication skills coupled with strong skills to sort through information and discern what is useful, valid, and what is bunk, a person is left less able to defend a position, or, him/herself. Now, here I must confess that I ended up with a BA in History rather than a BA in English or another language in college… but the last time I checked, history really was in the humanities. Further, it was my deep preparation in textual analysis of literature that prepared me to learn how to conduct a historical analysis (to transfer learning from one field to another), which prepared me how to analyze the fine details and the larger picture of a situation, how to research, how to think critically, etc.

Thus, I am flabbergasted that those skills are not seen as a useful contribution to anyone’s education, whether or not that person ends up a humanities major.

However, after being in and around mostly people from the sciences this past year, here is where I want to put some strong words out to my fellow folks with mostly humanities backgrounds:

1. Nope. Academia is not a safe place for you anymore either,  my artist, writer, or polyglot friend. These programs are being cut at many universities. I am guessing they are not coming back.

2. The feeling is not mutual.

I have heard many an American with a humanities background talk about how difficult and tedious math or science had been for them and thus, how much they hated it. Among the same set from Europe, for example, or Asia, I have yet to hear of artists/writers/etc. complain about not being able to do math or hating math (but, I have not surveyed everyone– this is just my amateur take). In those countries and cultures, my guess is that learning is not binary–everyone is expected to be able to do science and math–why wouldn’t they? Then, why, in our culture, are people broken down, at an early age, into people who can do humanities stuff, and people who can do math/science stuff, and ne’er the twain shall meet?

However, by the same token, I want to put the word out there to the humanities folks to start reaching across the aisle, fast and furiously, first! My liberal arts education allows me to see how liberal arts fits into science and math, and vice versa. Regardless of field, communications skills are necessary.However, though fiction and poetry have become central features in my life, and I am a much richer person and analyst, and hell, maybe a more informed citizen, for having studied cultural history, I can’t expect everyone to develop those appreciations and loves that I have.

Yet!! In an educated society, everyone has to read. Everyone has to write.  The classics and core curriculum discussions of the early 90s have long ceased (of a need for a literature common to us all). The Science Technology Engineering and Math (or Medical, depending on whom you ask) people have won–that is where the gov’t spending is, where industry growth is, where academia growth is. Luckily, for the foreseeable future, even those folks have to read, write, communicate, analyze, etc. The humanities folks are up to the task of teaching and imparting those skills. But here is where the humanities folks need to cross the aisle.

The folks in the Humanities need to show that reading, writing, communicating, analyzing doesn’t only have to be fiction, poetry, or political/cultural history. The bulk of what most people receiving college educations will read or will need to read include:

academic articles

nonfiction texts

periodicals

critical analyses

The bulk of what they will need to write will include:

academic articles

nonfiction texts

presentations

critical analyses

 

My word of advice, then, is, my fellow writer, artist, polyglot instructor friends– you need to figure out fast, furiously, and first, how to incorporate these elements into your teaching, and, to go out of your way again and again to show how these elements contribute to the building of all students into critical thinkers, writers, communicators, etc.

Here are some short thought exercises to demonstrate.

French and German programs are being cut on many college campuses. Imagine if French and German programs also included curricula on scientific articles in those two languages, the history of these two cultures’ immense contribution to technology and science, and/or how to write academic articles in those languages? I know. I know. Maybe you just don’t wanna. The departments have long been built around the study of literature. But, if in reaching across the aisle to STEM meant keeping the department alive, would that be enough of an incentive to give something like this a try?

Similarly, English and art departments can reach across the aisle to incorporate readings, writing, thinking, and design related to STEM. Art is a natural background for anyone interested in manufacturing, product development, civil engineering, etc. to have.

Last but not least, a ready fit exists between history and STEM. NYU communications professor Neil Postman argued in his text Technopoly for a mandatory inclusion of the history of a field in the undergraduate major of any field. He asserted that the deep knowledge of a history of a field is key for understanding the way to move forward in said field. On that note, the innovation literature points to depth of knowledge as a key factor in innovative competitive advantage with respect to R & D (research and development) departments. Many history departments offer specialists on the history of the Industrial Revolution, Labor History, or of women and work, etc. It is not a far leap to take to include classes in the History of Biology, the History of Engineering, the History of Math, the History of Manufacturing, the History of Technology, etc. and potentially not have to stretch far to find competent instructors in history willing to create curriculum around such subjects.

I can hear the criticism coming my way for suggesting that what Liberal Arts already offers is somehow not good enough. I am not saying that at all. I am saying that folks in Liberal Arts have more to offer a wider academic community than they are currently being given credit for. Further, in my small amount of time in the sciences and tech field, I have heard people genuinely perplexed about what the humanities has to offer any more in terms of professional and academic relevance, AND in 2011 I  have witnessed one of the languages I minored in at college (German) get cut entirely from many universities under budget duress.

Taking people’s actions and thoughts at face value, the message I have been getting is clear: Humanities is not relevant like it used to be. I could argue till I’m blue in the face about how every American should read Faulkner or Morrison or be exposed to the root of the English language (German) or really understand the history of our country and the world, but, I may be arguing with myself, and, other people already like me–I would be preaching to the converted.

The way to make new converts is to bring them a message they have not yet heard in a way that meets them where they are. That is supposed to be part of what we teach in the humanities. Communication skills, persuasive reading and writing, new trains of thought, new paradigms, paradigm shifts, re-imagining the future, bridging fields, is what we are supposed to be about in Liberal Arts. If we can’t change and advocate for ourselves, then maybe we ARE no longer relevant.

Moreover, I want to take a moment for how I was personally done a disservice by the American binary of being good in Liberal Arts or good at STEM. As a kid, I loved science. I unfortunately had a terrible science education from the seventh grade forward (but a solid education in my English classes). My junior high school science teacher talked non-stop about his football playing son and cheer-leading daughter; we did no science the whole year. My subsequent teachers were inexperienced, at best. I had one lab my entire secondary school experience. My dad was on top of things at least enough to order Omni and Discover for me– that is where I learned initially what I know about science. In college, I was hungry to take a science class–BUT, I knew I could not compete in College Biology with the pre-med majors. So, for twenty years, I stayed far, far away (Okay, not totally true. I did teach Life Science for a year at a junior high and I taught science for two years as part of an elementary curriculum. But I had to relearn high school science on my own in order to be able to do that. I know now that my teaching would have been greatly improved by more higher ed. classes in science and math.).

If the STEM folks are as serious as they claim about getting more Americans involved in science and technology, they, too, have to reach across the aisle to the students in Liberal Arts that have a lot to contribute to scientific thought and knowledge, but may have been discouraged by ill-prepared teachers or by binary thinking. Introductory classes in science and math should also be made available and required at Liberal Arts schools that focus on the non-STEM major or potential major.  You also should get some people capable of bridging the binary to reach out. Do not just send your math PhD students to teach Math for Dummies to the artists. The STEM folks also need to learn how art is relevant to their endeavors, and how to reach humanities students where they are, and to search for areas of commonality between STEM and Liberal Arts as starting points.

In the last year, I have come back to an enthusiasm for science and technology that I had more than twenty years ago. My life has become much richer since taking on learning more about science and technology; truly, it is as if a veil has been lifted and much of the activity of the modern world makes more sense to me. I am simultaneously more aware and more able to be critical (and to support my criticisms) of this modern world. I am examining how technology through the ages has shaped human thought in each age, shaped what it has meant to be human, and shaped especially how we as humans communicate. In short, with no writing (a technology), I would not be a writer. With no keyboard (technology), I would not be the writer I am. Now, with no internet (technology), I may have never published a book. With no internet, I certainly wouldn’t have become a multimedia (technology) creator. Technology has impacted what I write as fiction, even what fiction is.

Thus, in every respect, any more, as creative practitioners, thought practitioners, academics, or employees, we in Liberal Arts can no longer afford to be STEM-ignorant or immune.